Life and Work of Langston Hughes Essay - 1980 Words

Life and Work of Langston Hughes Early Years James Mercer Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, on February 1, 1902, to James Nathaniel Hughes, a lawyer and businessman, and Carrie Mercer (Langston) Hughes, a teacher. The couple separated shortly thereafter. James Hughes was, by his son’s account, a cold man who hated blacks (and hated himself for being one), feeling that most of them deserved their ill fortune because of what he considered their ignorance and laziness. Langston’s youthful visits to him there, although sometimes for extended periods, were strained and painful. He attended Columbia University in 1921-22, and when he died he, left everything to three elderly women who had cared for him in his last illness,†¦show more content†¦For a time, he worked as an assistant to the distinguished black historian Dr. Carter A. Woodson, but he found the tedious research tasks disagreeable, and he was angered and offended by the harsh, avert segregation of life in the nation’s capital. He a lso began to make the acquaintance of writers and intellectuals associated with the Harlem Renaissance, the extraordinary flourishing of black arts and culture in the 1920’s. He won prizes in poetry contests sponsored by the black journals Opportunity and The Crisis, and also had poems accepted by Vanity, a leading mainstream journal of the arts. In May 1925, Opportunity held a dinner for its award winners, where Hughes was sought out by Carl Van Vechten, whom he had met the previous year. He was a photographer who had interested himself in the Harlem Renaissance, asked recommend to his own publisher. Less than three weeks later, The Weary Blues was accepted for publication by the prestigious New York firm of Alfred A. Knopf. While waiting for the book’s publication, Hughes was working as a busboy at Washington’s Ward man Park Hotel, where, while serving the poet Vachel Lindsay and his wife at dinner, he left several of his own poems on the table. Lindsay read t hem that evening to a large audience at his poetry reading, and the story of his â€Å"discovery† (he was unaware that Hughes had already published widely in magazines and had a book in press, although he accepted the discovery of theseShow MoreRelated The Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay1971 Words   |  8 Pages The Life and Works of Langston Hughes nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å" In a deep song voice with a melancholy tone, I heard that Negro sing, that old piano moan – Ain’t got nobody all in this world, Ain’t got nobody but ma self. I’s gwine to quit ma frownin’ and put ma troubles on the shelf.† The above excerpt is from Langston Hughes prize winning poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues.† Hughes, considered to be one of the world’s outstanding authors of the twentieth century (Ruley 148), is a prolific poet, novelistRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Langston Hughes s The Road 1402 Words   |  6 Pagesin the literature work On the Road by Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes offers a gift in this work which is to open the heart and life will provide unlimited abundance. During this literary analysis Langston Hughes uses nature to demonstrate his main character s unwillingness to participate in life. Another point that Hughes demonstrates is the use of anger and survival and how it can be used as a powerful force in breaking down racial barriers. One more impact Langston Hughes uses is Jesus ChristRead MoreReoccurring Themes in the Work of Langston Hughes Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes is an extremely successful and well known black writer who emerged from the Harlem Renaissance (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). He is recognized for his poetry and like many other writers from the Harlem Renaissance, lived most of his life outside of Harlem (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). His personal experiences and opinions inspire his writing intricately. Unlike other writers of his time, Hughes expresses his discontent with black oppression and focuses on the hardships of his people. Hughes’Read MoreA Prize For Poetry, International Ibsen Award You Named. Langston Hughes1058 Words   |  5 Pagesyou named. Langston Hughes is a great poet, his poems are truly inspirational, persuasive. It s almost like he was talking directly to the reader. To b egin with, have you ever wondered what impact Langston Hughes poems had on people lives. Well if so then you on the right place. James Mercer Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were Caroline Mercer Langston and James Nathaniel Hughes. Langston parents divorced when he was a kid, Langston was raisedRead MoreRacial Prejudice By Langston Hughes990 Words   |  4 PagesRacial tensions were even more prevalent in the twentieth century. Langston Hughes was a poet who really tried to bring attention to the growing racial tensions until his death in the late 60s. Throughout his life, Hughes was influenced by the time he grew up in and by his own family; he wrote to free the black culture and literature from racial pride. Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri to Carrie and James Nathaniel Hughes. His father wanted to become a lawyer, but the Oklahoma bar examinationRead MoreEssay on Langston Hughes a Harlem Renaissance Man1463 Words   |  6 Pagesartists such as Langston Hughes. James Mercer Langston Hughes was an African American poet, journalist, playwright, and novelist whose works were incredibly well known. It was during the peak of the Harlem Renaissance in which Langston Hughes produced poetry which was not just musically and artistically sound, but also captured the essence of the blues. Thus giving life to a new version of poetry that illustrated the African American struggle between society and oneself. Langston Hughes was one of theRead MoreAnalysis of on the Road by Langston Hughes Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesfound in the literature work On the Road by Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes offers a gift in this work which is to open the heart and life will provide unlimite d abundance. During this literary analysis Langston Hughes uses nature to demonstrate his main characters unwillingness to participate in life. Another point that Hughes demonstrates is the use of anger and survival and how it can be used as a powerful force in breaking down racial barriers. One more impact Langston Hughes uses is Jesus ChristRead MoreEssay on The Poetry of Langston Hughes During the Harlem Renaissance1694 Words   |  7 Pagesrented to African Americans. A migration from the South and West Indies had allowed Harlem to become the cultural center of urban black America. People migrated in record numbers, but just as the cultural aspects of Harlem prospered other walks of life in Harlem suffered dramatically due to the ever increasing population. Having developed a distinctive culture, Harlem was the epicenter for black writers, artists and intellectuals during the 1920s. The Harlem Renaissance was centered on activitiesRead MoreLangston Hughes, An American Poet E ssay1583 Words   |  7 PagesJames Mercer Langston Hughes was one of the most influential African-American writers during the Harlem Renaissance. He was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri to James and Carrie Mercer Hughes. Hughes parents divorced shortly after his birth and his father moved to Mexico. Hughes went to live with his grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston in Kansas while his mother travelled back and forth with jobs. After his grandmother died he went to live with friends of the family, James and Mary ReedRead MoreRacism and Langston Hughes658 Words   |  3 PagesLangston Hughes was a great African American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist (â€Å"The Biography of Langston Hughes†). As a child, he grew up in the times of racial inequality. As a result, his poems often shared the recurring theme of hope, breaking free from racial inequality, and to strive for a better future. This theme was very evident in the poems â€Å"Drea ms† and â€Å"I Dream a World†, by Langston Hughes. This common theme is a result of the era Hughes grew up in. James Langston

Health Disparity Of HIV And AIDS Analysis - 933 Words

The health disparity of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment within Calcasieu Parish can be extrapolated from the state’s fifth region’s data provided by the Department of Health and Human Services of Louisiana. Region Five consists of Calcasieu, Allen, Beauregard, Cameron, and Jefferson Davis parish. According to data provided by the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals’ Office of Public Health (LDHH, 2016), 45 individuals were newly diagnosed with HIV and 22 were newly diagnosed with AIDS. Looking at the demographic data, the majority of these new cases consisted of African-American men who have sex with men. What is notable about these new cases is that ethnically, the new HIV cases were almost equal between African-American and†¦show more content†¦One assesses multiple interventions, media, and options for information dissemination, finding the best practices in community health, and identifying community and cohort factors that influence accep tance and reception of information. Involving the community stakeholders helps this process by providing insight into an unfamiliar culture. After narrowing down the interventions to the ones identified as the best by both academic and community stakeholders, the preventive and treatment program is culturally adapted and integrated by considering the cohort’s preferred language and literacy, as well as their values and need for accessibility. Then, community support organizations are identified to assist with accessibility and dissemination of supportive information, and the interventions are performed. Finally evaluation of this strategy is performed and altered accordingly to further increase accessibility, knowledge, and support for the cohort experiencing health disparity (Nà ¡poles et al., 2013). This could be done in Calcasieu parish with several interventions, such as providing brochures and posters with contact information of local and free testing centers and counse ling centers for those who are HIV/AIDS positive in areas frequented by African-American men who have sex with men, such as in bathroom stalls of gay entertainment establishments. These establishments are a part of the community stakeholders. Collaborating with them to create a positive, caring, andShow MoreRelatedA Policy Regarding Women and HIV/AIDS: An Evaluation, Analysis, and Revision1557 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿WOMEN WITH HIV/AIDS HOW A TOPIC BECOMES A POLICY INTRODUCTION The women health is a subject of global interest. People and organizations round the world have realized that the health of a woman means the health of a family. Thus efforts are made to make policy regarding women and HIV/AIDS. A prior paper in this regard has discussed formulation, legislation and implementation of the policy and this is a sequel discussing the evaluation, analysis and revision stags of the policy making in thisRead MoreCenters For Disease Control And Prevention Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC-Funded HIV Testing: United, States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Atlanta, Georgia 2014. An 85-page, 2014, Center for Disease Control (CDC) issued guidelines for HIV funding and testing. The document highlights the steps that organizations proving HIV testing and services must follow, upon receiving a positive HIV test results. This process includes uniting medical and social aspects of HIV care for the patient by providing referrals to partnerRead MoreThe World Health Organizations Role in Fighting HIV/AIDS702 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Discussions about HIV/AIDS have changed radically since the disease was first identified in the early 1980s. As physicians and public health workers developed a fundamental understanding of the disease and discovered ways to ameliorate its devastating effects, HIV/AIDS victims coupled hope for recovery with changed lifestyles at least in some socioeconomic sectors (Lane, et al., 2004). At backward looking analysis reveals that he incidence and survival rates of HIV/AIDS continue to be solidlyRead MoreCenters For Disease Control And Prevention Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesDisease Control and Prevention. CDC-Funded HIV Testing: United, States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Atlanta, Georgia 2014. An 85-page HIV funding and testing guideline issued by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2014. The document highlights the steps that organizations providing HIV testing and services must follow, upon receiving a HIV positive test result. This process includes uniting the medical and social aspects of HIV care for patients. The document also providesRead MoreThe Hot Zone By Richard Preston Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesModel Congress in high school where I first learned about public health. Participants made mock congressional bills to be passed in a congress comprised of high school and college students in order to implement a national change. My mock bill advocated for the incorporation of HIV tests within annual physicals. The purpose of this bill was to ensure that more people became knowledgeable about their status and with this knowledge, HIV positive individuals can receive care faster and take proactiveRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv / Aids Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesemerged as global health crisis, which in 1982, was formally identified as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Another two years would pass before scientists were able to isolate the retrovirus that causes AIDS, which in 1984 was termed human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). Although a successful discovery, in the absence of a proven treatment, HIV and AIDS had free rein in which to leave in its wake a global path of fear, illness, and death. To understand the totality of HIV/AIDS, consider theRead MoreThe Patient Protection Affordable Care Act Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesimproving outcomes and reducing cost. Health disparities in the U.S. range from HIV/ Aids to obesity. The minority population typically has a disproportional burden of the HIV/ Aids epidemic ( Wetle Scanlan 2013). Disparities in healthcare are among the lines of access to care, treatment, preventive measures, and medicine. Several research projects were used to examine how ones race, n eighborhood, or social classes affect their quality of care, and health outcomes ( Wetle Scanlan , 2013). ItRead MoreNIH Research Project Grant Program Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesFocus: Health education and prevention of HIV/AIDS in the LGBTI community on college campuses in Washington, DC 1. Community Needs a. Describe valid funding source and justification for how the program plan meets the requirements of the grant The funding source is an NIH Research Project Grant Program (R01). An R01 grant provides support for up to 5 years and a modular budget format allows to request up to $250,000 per year in direct costs. This provided support for health-related researchRead MoreDeveloping A Health Advocacy Campaign846 Words   |  4 PagesDeveloping a Health Advocacy Campaign Living a long, thriving and healthy life is a vision many Americans strive to make into a reality. Unfortunately, HIV/AIDS epidemic has deprived many people of this dream. HIV/AIDS is one of the worlds’ most serious and the deadliest diseases and a $30.4 billion drain on healthcare cost in the United States, and of this figures’ 57% is appropriated for routine care, 10% for housing and social support assistance, 9% for research and 22% for global assistanceRead MoreAids : Hiv / Aids Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesLauren Kennedy United States HIV/AIDS Part 1: Background of Topic: What became later known as aids was detected in West Africa when scientists identified a species of chimpanzees that had a version of this virus in their immune system. They later found out that the disease was transmitted to humans and created into HIV when people hunted these animals for food and came in contact with their infected blood. Decade after decade this illness swooped over Africa like a blanket and began to spread to

Labor Unions Free Essays

string(29) " be provided for adequately\." The effects of the political nature in Canada has been subject to the influence by the workers through their striking activity. The workers who are the voters have seldom used strikes to change the political system. By its definition, a labor union is an association of persons within a common working outlay which seeks in providing spokesman ship to the members. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Unions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Legally, labor unions in Canada are duly under recognition as representations of the broad workers from the different industries within Canada. Labor unions in Canada run from public and also private unions. To the Democratic Party in U.S, the activity of labor Unions is an important goal with strict political develop to look after the interest of the workers. (Mirillo, 2001, 54). The purpose of labor unions as per the Democratic Party is to provide a collective bargaining capacity to the workers through the influence of workers mobilization in regard to their individual membership as well as through aspect of collateral coalitions of activist under like-mindedness. (Mirillo, 2001, 67) However, the current political imagery in this state and especially in its two rich provinces Ontario and Alberta has seen the interest of trade unions falling and loosing motivations.   In its private sectors, union membership has been seen to fall by 9%, which is a brutal change since 1932. ((Mirillo, 2001, 72). The conventional purpose of labor unions in Canada has been in the advocating of policies and also legislative authorities which are otherwise favorable to their workers. Through a strong bound by such workers, their active role in policies would seldom be activated. Many of the workers have lost their interest in joining such unions from the effect of the advisory and pronouncements by the political systems which have even led to change by the labor unions. The roles and activities of labor unions in Canada has been a major tool in shaping the political structure of this American State. However, such changes as a result of influence by the political image have never been to the positive side. These are tools that seek to provide workers’ disadvantages in terms of poor and unfriendly working conditions, low levels of wage rates above other fundamental effects on the workers at their work. Various political images such as the prevention of companies for non-union in taking various significant in the Canadian market share is a trend towards loss in the rights of such unions. At the political conquest, labor unions are important tools in policies which is basically achieved through members mobilization as well as general coalitions with organizations of such like mindedness. The American labor unions are absorbed in two basic organizations; The America Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) as well as Congress of Industrial Organizations. The basic role of these two organizations is in advocating legislations and also policies that provide worker motivation. (Mirillo, 2001, 72) The changing political dimension and legal framework of the labor unions have seen their membership continue to decline since 1983. Through exorbitant mobilization of trade unions by workers in Ontario and Alberta, the political imagery has been shaped in its focus. Due to the breach of the fundamental conceptions and rights at their work, various jurisdictional strikes have however been seen in Canada. In Canada, the use of jurisdiction is an important phenomenon as a claim of representation for workers in performance of specific works. This is an attribute in relation to their personal right for such work performance of the members within a certain trade /labor union. Worker strikes have recently increased in the state which are basically concerted refusals in the performance of specific work by the members of a certain labor union. This is a disputation to the job assigned to them which occurs as protest to such assignments and develop as disputes in correspondence to the terms and conditions of their employment contracts. (Jessica, Samuel, 2006, 1) However, the question of the fundamentality in labor strikes remains debatable of whether good or bad. However, depending on the nature of their results and the effects to the broad organizations impact and the society, different labor strikes in the Ontario and also Alberta can be supported or not. At personal level, such strikes act as hinge parameters with which their responses can adequately be looked upon to provide a more concentrated satisfaction at their work places.   Generally, the various poor conditions at work are in response to the fundamental influence of the political imagery which have changed the system labor laws and provided a scope for less effective labor instruments at work. In Canada generally, a broad political imagery have acted to shape the manner in which the basics of labor laws have been formulated. Labor strikes therefore act as the most appropriate tools with which the collective bargaining powers of their unions can move adequately to be featured by their employers and the government legal framework. Corresponding perhaps to Ontario and Alberta which happens to be the two richest provinces in Canada, many union strikes have been felt across the board as workers seek to fight for more dispensable adequate working conditions. The mobilization efforts by striking works have acted adequately in shaping the nature of the political structure in the state. (Stanely, 1999, 11)   Preferentially, labor union strike in Canada has been a defense mechanism in support for the complimentary provision of the basic condition while at work. In the event of the compromise to these provisions at work, the workers should have a full pledge of legal authority which provides them due rights in their striking autonomy. The basic intention of their formation at personal capacities in work is bargaining collectively. Though the federal legal autonomy provides for such representation, the current political system in Ontario and Alberta seeks to compromise the holistic development into their contemporaries. Such strikes are basic tools with which the roles and provisions of such workers at their workplaces can be provided for adequately. You read "Labor Unions" in category "Essay examples" The main objective of the labor strikes is to seek provision for adequate standards in their labor force at work which may have been compromised by the nature of changing political ideologies to provide inadequate employment jurisdiction. However, through their collective bargaining by striking, the political system through its by-laws on labor has adequately been changed to focus more on a better political weapon which addresses their requirements. Generally, the role of labor strikes is to promote a leeway in safeguarding the interest of the workers which may have been breached in the due process of change in the labor laws by the Federal system. According to the recent research by the Canadian Bureau of Statistics, the legal framework has had various developments that seek to monitor the changes and the response to the employee and labor relations providing the various legal foundations. Among such developments have been the results achieved through striking workers. (Michael, 2003, 32) However, according to researches by various human activists movements on labor laws, such legal developments have only acted to provide disadvantages to the workers at their places of work. Consequently, such disadvantages have acted to lower the standards of living for such workers above providing various poor working conditions and terms of the workers at their places of work. (Michael, 2003, 5) Despite the great wealth in the two provinces whose development is from the human capital provided by the workers, the workers continue to be faced with inadequate conditions at work which compromise their status of living. Such poor conditions of work have been adequately brutal both to their physical health and also their status of living. In response to this, the argument behind the workers union in the regions is argumentable in a supportive periphery. Either, the right to strike should be provided with the due protection by the federal legal system. (Stanely, 1999, 9) Therefore labor strikes have been seen as the basic and fundamental tool with which such workers representatives can strive for a restoration in the adequate terms and conditions at their work place. This is through creating an advocacy in the political will to accommodate better laws on labor. The same has been evident through new developments in political imagery in Canada which safeguards the interest of the workers. The concept of workers strike is allied to the rights to strike. (David, 1997, 3) These are the basic legal foundations and framework that provide the most adequate provision within which such workers should strike. Such rights to strike imply the autonomy with which the unions should exercise their powers in crave for jurisdictional authorities. They are aimed at providing a coherent foundation in ensuring that the legal development from the statutory Canadian laws does not seek to provide disadvantages. Unions rights to strike is otherwise the mobilization framework bestowed to the unions to participate in the request of adequacy in conditions of work and also terms through partial withdrawal from the work without any threats and fear of any form of intimidation either from the employers or the Canadian legal framework. In the lieu of erosion of the workers sovereignty, the coherent legal framework through the political capacity should perhaps help to provide a stronger dimension within which the states of the labor rights at work and to strike should be restored. (David, 1997, 1) By their nature, labor unions are established as representations of their workers in an organization. Through their collective bargaining, they help to develop the collective strength in the workers which would partially be powerless at individual capacity. Due to the political changes and orientations, labor laws have been changed to provide comparative disadvantages of the workers at their working levels. Due to the fundamentality of the respective reasons behind union strikes by the workers, the right to strikes should be adequately supported. Such rights provide a legal foundation and a basic of support with which the striking activity is formalized without any fear of negative implication of the job loss and accusations by the legal framework. (David, 1997, 1) Basically, strikes involve stoppages of coming to their working places by the workers. Through their mobilization efforts in Ontario and Alberta, the nature of the labor laws have been changed to provide adequate legal articles for the workers. The political shape has also been depended on the effects of various labor strikes since 1980. (Joseph, 1995, 3) Through workers strikes, the organizations are provided with comparative disadvantages in the market through the high loss implications which they undergo from the loss in activity by their organizations. However, the legal foundation of the strike is that it serves as an appropriate weapon with which the adequate working conditions for the workers can be provided. Such strikes are mere protests against the controversial conditions of work by their employees. This has been seen as a creative developed in Canada following labor strikes. Elsewhere, labor strike is a formal impact in which the worker unanimously seek to pledge the reinstatement in the breach of contract between them and their employers. Due to the formality of such strikes, their impact and influence should therefore be safeguarded by the interest of well defined rights that seek to create the most appropriate conditions and standards of their striking workers. However, the historical development of labor strikes in long trailing and its impulse increasingly developing in the recent years. Generally however, great logical response allied to the factor of humanity should support such strikes. Since the main role of labor unions is to provide a bargaining power in the adequacy of their conditions at work, the role of union’s strikes is an important complement in defining the scope of their success in such favorable working conditions. In the America since 1930’s, the political system have stood to create various labor laws that provide disadvantages to the workers in terms of conditions and wages at work. (Daniel, 1998, 43). Such labor laws have worked to weaken the strength and force of the labor unions. To the workers, the same has been seen as a betrayal by the government laws. However, through various labor strikes in Canada, such has been changed. This has been  Ã‚   a big threat towards employees derecognition by the employers in terms of the preferential basics in employment contracts. The epochs to such erosion on the employee sovereignty at work is through the provision of various rights of negotiation by the workers for their support in the most adequate working conditions. The capacity to undergo strike is a fundamental interception in providing a tool for the support in recognition of the basic sediments of providing compliance to their working conditions by their employers. (Daniel, 1998, 45) In Ontario and Alberta however, the rights by the workers to strike is highly developed and seeks to provide an environment with which the correct employment measures to the workers by their employer are in conflicting interests. Within the private sector, rights to strike are provided by the NLRA. Legal rights to strike are implements in Canada which seeks to fight the negative implication of workers while on strike. This is in search of preventing any causal penalties of monetary capacity or other job threats that may be imposed by the employers and also the Federal laws. This is also a tool for the challenge on the different conditions that may compromise the status of the workers in undergoing a strike. Since the basic implication of labor unions is to provide a bargaining power to the employees, their move to strike is a basic formal response to the inadequacy in the employment contracts imposed by the employers. However, since any strike is allied to various losses and operational disadvantages of a preferential capacity, the move to strike by the workers may be compounded by rigid statutory implications and pronouncements by the employers which may hitherto comromise the state of their striking condition. Basically therefore, right to strike comes in as a basic tool which seeks to safeguard the interest of the striking workers against the impact of such unfavourable and threat conditions from the employers. The call for union strikes should therefore be responded by various legal rights that seek to authenticate their job boycott activity. Strike voting by the members should be provided with a subject of a broad image of legal rights. The basic entitlement of workers in there working places is adequate and good conditions with which they can dispense their activity.   Through the political activity of the workers association in striking, political developments in Canada have been changed to create better forms of labor laws. Also, the political nature of the country has also been shaped by the effect of the striking workers. The legal entitlement to collective bargaining power by the workers are such as wages, working periods and hours as well as other employment terms and conditions. According to the provisions of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Labor strike is only limited to the preferential parameters that operate within employee relation. These parameters are to safeguard upon the statutory foundations of the laws and rights within which the tool of labor strike should operate in. Since the statutory foundations are used to provide a formal conservation in the rights to strike by the workers, any explicit as well as implicit accords of negative subjectivism by the employers is provided and captured within the fundamental scope of the employer to employee relationship. (Joseph, 1995, 1) The solution for resolving the conflict between the employers and the workers union should primarily be in good faith in the short run. However, if the same resolution has failed, legal impasse occurs with which the legal statutes seek to provide interventions between the components. Like the rule of the game, the win and win situation between the two components gives way for  Ã‚   legal statutes of rights to strike by the workers to become operational. (Edward, 2002, 4) Generally, a mediation intercept seeks to rationalize the fundamental inadequacy between the employees and their employers to impact of a failing mediation provides for legal disputation through workers strike for the workers to operate.   This has been evident in Ontario and Alberta. Like other bills of human rights, the right to strike by the employees to their employers should be formalized. Such rights provide a comprehension of the legal framework support for the move to retract of their faded legal empowerment and conditions of work. Such rights seek to provide the most adequate safeguard to the negative implication which may compound loss in job as well as statutory compensation to their organization for the losses occurred during their striking period. From the compulsive changes in the labor laws by the Canadian state legal system, the basic disadvantages that develop from the consequences of the negatively impacting legal framework can be provided for. This is in fight by stringent parameter in the scope of strikes by the workers in their crave for the most adequate working conditions. With the decreasing membership of persons to labor unions, the declining legal protection to such workers in the striking  Ã‚   activity should adequately be developed. However, the political dispensation has grown to provide a base in the support for the actions levied on a collective support of the unions. This is a big indicator in rationalizing the level of liberal society within the Canada. However, the recent trend in the labor striking is seldom reducing from the impacts of the eroded implications of the individual rights to strike while at work. (Edward, 2002, 1) The question of striking has changed its notion from the broad outlook within Canada from constitutional fundamentality to being on the commercial relationship. The eroded sovereignty in labor strikes should be upgraded as a support to provide better contractual relationship between workers and their employers. Generally therefore, the support for the rights to strike is seldom a tool for supporting the move towards fighting for lucrative workplace efficiencies by the workers from their employers. Such striking rights acts as the basic support which is used to safeguard the preferential negative implications which may hitherto develop from the move to fighting for the lucrative fundamentals in their working places. (David, 1997, 1)The rights to strike should be fundamental across the globe where the higher levels of worker productivity would also be achieved through the effects of worker motivation. The same has been adequately achieved through mobilization efforts by the workers in Canada. Through the comparative legality to undertaking workers strikes, the expressions of the workers would be fed to even more consequential autonomy. The will and requirements would be brought out as a basic advantage to both their personal interest and their employers. Work cited. Edward Wolf. Working in America: A Blueprint for the New Labor Market. Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 69, 2002 Daniel Jacoby. Laboring for Freedom: A New Look at the History of Labor in America. M.E Sharpe, 1998 David Bonior. Unions in the Twenty-First Century. Challenge, Vol.40, 1997 Jessica Rosenberg Samuel Rosenberg. Do Unions Matter? An Examination of the Historical and Contemporary Rule of Labor Unions in the Social Work Profession. Social Work, Vol. 51, 2006 Joseph Mosca. Unions in the 21st Century. Public Personal Management, Vol. 24, 1995 Mirillo Maria. Labor Unions, Partisan Coalitions and Market Reforms in Latin America. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2001 Stanley Sudman. Laboring for Freedom: A New Look at the History of Labor in America. Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 122, 1999 How to cite Labor Unions, Essay examples Labor Unions Free Essays Labor Union functions as representative of workers in various industries. The roots of labor union are linked to the early history of America in 17th century. The early unions consisted of guilds and carpenters, who even played an important in struggle of independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Unions or any similar topic only for you Order Now By 1820s various unions worked to reduce working hours from 12 to 10 hours.   Labor unions have been set as reaction to protect workers from employers. The need rose due to the arrival of industrialization that developed factory system creating misery and slum among the poor workers. Factories produced massive wealth for few and great misery for many. The workers recognised their power and organised themselves in the shape of unions. Their power grew steadily in the mid 19th century where various trade unions joined together in citywide federation forming National Labor Union (NLU) in 1866. It was due to the persuasion of NLU that congress passed eight-hour working day for in 1873. Labor Union is other countries; such as Belgium, Sweden Finland have centralized unions, where all industries have a specific union and then merge into a large national confederation. Finland is one of the largest labor union in Europe with about 1.2 million members out of 5 million-country populations. There are countries like France where only 10 percent worker form the par of unions. Most of which are normally represented by in main confederation. The Australia Labor movement is historically connected with craft and trade.   Australian current government brought many changes in recent times through Workplace Act 1996 (Fraser, 1974). In 20th century American Labor Union remained important in organisation often revolving around issues such as immigrant rights, trade policy, healthcare, wage campaigns. The post World War I brought wages down and caused major erosion in union membership between 1920 and 1930. National Association of Manufactures played on the fear of Bolsheviks and declared by President John Kirby as â€Å"un-American and illegal†.   And in the following years the demands; such as shorter hours, higher wages, regulation of child labor were seen as anti-American and going towards communism. The employers exploited this situation on the pretext of patriotism and workers had to sign â€Å"yellow dog contract† where a worker had to sign in order to get job with a declaration not to join a union (Card and Alan, 1995). In 1935 John Lewis accounted the creation of CIO (Committee for Industrial Organization), which composed of about a dozen leaders of AFL unions carrying out the efforts of industrial unionism. The Industrial Unions basically organized all kind workers and in short they were the unions of unskilled workers.   CIO did successful campaigns over the next few years and brought the industrial unions to larger sectors of American industry gaining substantial membership. During the World War II CIO worked on the workers problems. In 1955, CIO and AFL merged together and helped in eliminating jurisdictional disputed which labor unions were facing for decades. Instead now unions placed new emphasis on organizing workers in various industries and plants where labor representation did not exist. And in many cases these unions had to cross the barriers of older way of thinking to reach the employees who for decades resisted unions. The labor movement has enormous impact to bring an end to child labor practices, improved conditions and wages for both union and no union workers raising the standard for the whole society. It also supported better education for the workers children enabling the working class to get rid of poverty. And it even brought rights for women for example on average women in UK are still earning lesser than men; but the women who have union membership earn more than non-members women. However this policy seems to work only in developed countries where there are regulations. In countries such as China where workers have lesser freedom do not have the same rights as workers in developed countries (Card and Alan, 1995). Today’s management theories are dealing with, hegemonic and acceptable ways in which communications is used for many tasks inside organization, and also how life in organization affect its workers. Modern organizations are diverse in nature and the working environment is changed. Managers are now facing new problems, such as diversity in workplace, extensive use of technology and stress in workplace (Orakzai, 2006). In modern times Human Resources has emerged as an important part of organization which is   meant to develop and create superior man power for organization The reason for such approach is that superior human resources are hard to replicate and companies like Wal-Mart, Southwest Airlines have invested and nurtured human resources (Satish and David, 1998). Even though there are no unions but HRM practices are applied to develop competitive advantage in recruitment, training, performances and worker empowerment. For firms now there are new challenges such as managing diversity and transformation due to technological change (Nancy and Orlando, 2001). Since 1980s, there seems to have been great shift in power of unions. Before 1980s the labor management was mainly dependent on soft strategy of negotiation in order to settle down the disputes. In the case of disputes firms often used managers to sort out the problem or opted for temporary workers to replace the workers on strike.   Since 1980 there has been hard strategy used by companies such as threat of employment and joblessness that means permanent replacement of workers to prevent strikes (Thomas, 1997). There have been several reasons for such decline; one major reason is employers who keep their business union free. Some of the companies even hired consultants and resorted to legal strategies; while others put workers in management team by appointing them board of director and profit sharing plan. Another reason has been greater number of women and children joining workforce, whose income is as a second income for the family. Most of them are interested in earning money even if it meant lower wages rather than resisting. And the last reasons is union too much success. For many years unions have been fighting for higher wages; which has raised a lot. This success made many unions made products too expensive to be bought by consumers; who prefer cheaper imported foreign products. This trend has raised losses in many industries including many workers losing their jobs leading to decline in power of unions.   And the last reason is the use of technology in workplaces, which require fewer workers to do a lot of work. The traditional reliance on industrial jobs has been lost which used to be stronghold of the white-collar class; all these factors have lead to decline of union in modern organization. Reference: Thomas L Traynor, , (1997).Impact of post-PATCO labor relations on U.S. union wages. The Eastern Economic Journal. Satish P. Deshpande, David J. Flanagan, (1996).Top Management’s Perceptions of Changes in HRM . Journal of Small Business Management. Nancy Brown Johnson, Orlando C. Richard, (2001).Understanding the Impact of Human Resource Diversity Practices on Firm Performance . Journal of Managerial Issues. Fraser, W. Hamish , (1974). Trade Unions and Society. Rowman and Little field. Card David, Krueger Alan, (1995). Myth and measurement: The new economics of the minimum wage. Princeton University Press. Orakzai, Tanvir , (July 3, 2006). Organization communication: an analysis. Retrieved July 10, 2006, Web site: http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=11130. How to cite Labor Unions, Essay examples Labor unions Free Essays The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 or Wagner act was introduced with the intention to protect the rights of the workers. During this time there were many instances of the harassment of the laborers by the employers. This act ensured the right of the employees to collective bargaining which was necessary for the laborers to bargain with the employers for their rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor unions or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to enforce this act National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) was created and it was given wide powers to determine the relationship between the employer and the employee. In the light of the fact that the employers were adopting various anti worker policies, this act was successful in protecting the interest of the workers.(Bain, n.d.) This is the main reason for its popularity among the workers who were allowed the right to unionize. The NLRB can be approached by the labor unions with the request to arrange for the secret ballots while forming the labor union. This act gives the laborers the right to bargain with the employers, fight against injustice through strike and lock out.(Bain, n.d.) The employees are also given the option not to indulge in unionization activities. Before forming the unions the NLRB is supposed to be convinced with the fact that a particular labor union would represent the interest of all the employees. The labor union should represent the interest of the laborers who share similar problems and interest. By conducting the operations to establish their own unions, the NLRB was expected to safeguard the interest of the workers.(Bain, n.d.) The employers are also expected to follow the labor law which is controlled by the federal and the state governments. The employees can approach NLRB whenever they find that there are unfair labor practices. Both the employees and employers are not supposed to indulge in unfair labor practices. The employers are expected not to discriminate against the union members while recruiting them and while continuing their service. More often it is found that the management used to hire the workers who were not the members of the labor unions or who did not agree with the ideology of the unions. (Bain, n.d.) When such unfair labor practices occur, the labor unions can approach the NLRB which uses its power to investigate into the allegations of exploitation of the laborers by the employers. The main duty of the NLRB is to maintain the cordial relationship between the workers and the employers. Through this particular act the government attempted to avoid the exploitation of the workers. These sections of the Wagner act satisfied the demands of the workers and naturally they favored this act. NLRB has handled thousands of cases concerning unfair labor practices. These cases show that the Wagner act has succeeded in protecting the interest of the workers. The workers have been able to unionize or not to unionize and they are given the power to go on strikes. Legitimate strikes are supported by the NLRB leading to the protection of the rights of the workers. (Bain, n.d.) Another important labor and management relations act was Taft-Hartley act which was introduced in the year 1947. The anti labor provisions in this act evoked immediate reaction by the labor unions which, obviously, did not like the anti labor clauses in this act. The Taft-Hartley act has many clauses which protect the interest of the employers. The various rights sanctioned by the Wagner act are withdrawn by the Taft-Hartley act. This act restricted the labor union activities such as strikes, picketing, lock out, secondary boycotts and closed shops. The state can prohibit a strike which affected the public health and national security. Using these clauses jurisdictional injunctions could be obtained prohibiting such activities of the labor unions. The states could invoke right-to-work laws which allowed the union members not to participate in the strike.(Wikipedia, 2006) This act also discontinued the closed shops practice which had compelled the employers to provide job security to members of the unions. The power of the laborers to enforce union security clauses have been restricted by this act. The courts are given the power to investigate the financial statements of the unions in order to ensure that all the laborers are provided representation by the unions. The states could approach the courts and obtain injunctions which restricted the rights of the workers to go on strike. Instead of strike, the act encourages the use of other means to bargain with the employers. The workers are required to give 60 days notice to the employers and the mediating agency regarding their activities. The employers can approach the authorities to restrict the activities of the labor unions. The employees also can approach the authorities requesting that they should be allowed to work against the orders of the union. Many states have used these jurisdictional injunctions to restrict the labor union activities. This law has been criticized by the laborers as anti labor. This act also gives the discretionary powers to the President to outlaw a particular strike or lock out declared by the labor unions. These powers have been used by the American presidents to control the labor unions. The unions are also expected to declare that they are not the members of the communist party. The unions are not allowed to give monetary donations to political campaigns and such other political activities. Due to these anti labor clauses, the laborers did not favor this law. (Wikipedia, 2006) The above details show that the laborers liked the provisions of the Wagner act of 1935 while they opposed the provisions of the Taft-Hartley act. Bibliography Bain, Brian. (n.d.). The NLRB: The Wagner Act of 1935. St.francis.edu. Retrieved 17 March 2006 from http://www.stfrancis.edu/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/wagner.htm (2006). Taft-Hartley Act. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 March 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Act    How to cite Labor unions, Essay examples

Homeschooling Essay Example For Students

Homeschooling Essay Before the beginning of American public schools in the mid-19th century, home schooling was the norm. Founding father John Adams encouraged his spouse to educate their children while he was on diplomatic missions (Clark, 1994). By the 1840s instruction books for the home were becoming popular in the United States and Britain. The difficulty of traveling to the system of community schools was provoking detractors. At this time, most of the country began moving toward public schools (Clark, 1994). One of the first things early pioneers did was set aside a plot of land to build a school house and try to recruit the most educated resident to be the schoolmarm. This led to recruiting of graduates Eastern Seaboard colleges to further the education oftheir children beyond what they could do at home (Clark, 1994). As the popularity of the public school movement began to rise behind Horace Mann many states soon passed compulsory-education laws. These were designed primarily to prevent farmers , miners, and other parents form keeping their kids home to work (Clark, 1994). Ironically another factor behind public schools was the desire to use them to spread Christian morality, with its concern for the larger good over individualism (Clark, 1994). Massachusetts enacted the first such laws in 1852 requiring children ages 8-14 to be at school at least 12 weeks a year unless they were too poor. The laws proved to be effective, from 1870-1898 the number of children enrolling in the public schools outpaced the population growth. The laws proved to be effective, from 1870-1898 the number of children enrolling in the public schools outpaced the population growth. Except for certain religious sects and correspondence schools home schooling remained limited for most of the 20th century. During the 1960s the hippie counterculture exploded into the scene. This culture led a revolt against the education establishment. Thousands of young Americans began dropping out of society and going back to the land to live on communes that generated the modern home schooling movement. Twenty years ago, many states did not allow home schooling. Constitutional protection has always been uncertain. The U.S. Supreme Court has never explicitly ruled on home schooling. Although in 1972, in Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Court did restrict compulsory school requirements in a limited ruling involving the right of Amish students not to attend high school (Lines, 1996). In Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Amish parents claimed that high school attendance was destructive to their childrens religious beliefs and would interfere with their pursuit of the Amish way of life (Fisher, Schimmel, and Kelley, 1995). Since this ruling there have been many court cases dealing with the issue of home schooling. All 50 states allow home schooling ad 34 states have enacted specific home schooling statutes or regulations (Clark, 1994). What drives many home-schoolers are the well-documented social troubles and the declining test scores in the public schools. In 1991, the total number of children being home schooled was between 248,500 and 353,500. Many public educators feel that children who are home schooled are missing out on key learning situations that come from the public school. For instance the sciene experiments, these would be very costly to duplicate at home. Also they argue that home school children miss out on the social aspect of school. Very often they are not around many children their age and socialization does not take place. As the home schooling movement has become more widespread, state and local officials have responded with more vigorous enforcement of their compulsory education laws. As a result of this there is more litigation and new regulations. As both parents and school officials evidence increasing inflexibility, the statues play a central role in the battle over the education of the child. A secondary role is played by the courts which, in resolving the disputes between parents and the schools, must interpret and test the statutes (Chiusano 1996). Parents who are being prosecuted for instructing their children at home are attacking compulsory school attendance statues on constitutional grounds. Although no case dealing specifically with home instruction has yet reached the Supreme Court, the increased activism of the home school movement may produce a ruling in the near future (Lines, 1996). Constitutional challenges have been based on the First or Fourteenth Amendment. In many of the home instruction cases parents have .

The Things They Carried Essays (328 words) - The Things They Carried

The Things They Carried In the story ?Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong? in The Things they Carried by Tim O' Brian Mary Ann Bell goes from one end of the spectrum to the other. Mary Ann is brought in by her high school sweetheart, Mark Fossie. They are destined to be married and live out the rest of their lives together. In a matter of weeks she is transformed from a cute, blonde high school girl to a ferocious animal of the jungle. Mark Fossie first toys with the idea of bringing her over from Cleveland and then goes through with it. ?Listen, the guy sends her the money. Flies her over. This cute blonde- just a kid, just barely out of high school- she shows up with a suitcase and one of those plastic cosmetic bags. Comes right out to the boonies (pg.102).? She is very young, at most seventeen years old. She is pretty and has a great personality that all the guys appreciate. She is never afraid of the unseen horrors of the war. She thirsts for knowledge about everything around her. Mary Ann wants to know about everything and her desire for knowledge leads her to the loners of the war, the green berets. She starts by just going out on ambush with them then it progresses more. ?The way she quickly fell into the habits of the bush. No cosmetics, no fingernail filing, cut her hair short and wrapped it in a dark green bandana (pg.109).? She breaks it off with Mark Fossie and doesn't want to leave the bush. She does stuff even the greenies wouldn't do. She stays with them until she eventually disapears. The greenies say she's still alive but they've never really seen her again. She was one with the jungle. She was young and innocent then became a ferocious hunter of the jungle. ?She was dangerous. She was ready for the kill (pg.125).? Book Reports

Amide Definition and Examples in Chemistry

Amide Definition and Examples in Chemistry An amide is a functional group containing a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom  or any compound containing the amide functional group. Amides are derived from carboxylic acid and an amine. Amide is also the name for the inorganic anion NH2. It is the conjugate base of ammonia (NH3). Examples of Amides Examples of amides include carboxamides, sulfonamides, and phosphoramides. Nylon is a polyamide. Several drugs are amides, including LCD, penicillin, and paracetamol. Uses of Amides Amides may be used to form resilient structural materials (e.g., nylon, Kevlar). Dimethylformamide is an important organic solvent. Plants produce amides for a variety of functions. Amides are found in many drugs. Sources March, Jerry (2013). Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure (7th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0470462591.Monson, Richard (1971). Advanced Organic Synthesis: Methods and Techniques. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0124336803.Montalbetti, Christian A. G. N.; Falque, Virginie (2005). Amide bond formation and peptide coupling. Tetrahedron. 61 (46): 10827–10852. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.031

Olympic Games in London 2012 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Olympic Games in London 2012 - Term Paper Example LOCOG has conducted a number of pilot tests prior to the official launch of the event and those were focused to ensure that the general public transport and working routine does not get affected by the event. For this purpose walking tracks have been established that would lead to the sports park and would avoid large lanes of traffic in form of visitors visiting the place. Manuals and city maps are being spread online and at the local level. The Daily Telegraph reported a large number of bookings from the visitors in advance who are bound to visit the city during the event. For the entire purpose London Transport Plan ( 2nd edition) was released in 2009 which took into consideration factors like passengers routes, visitors stay, businesses and motels handling and all other factors that were necessary to be taken into account (LOCOG, 2010). The entire project was split into various sections that lasted for a particular period.Between 2007 and 2011 the development process was named as â€Å"Building the stage† which included establishing the infrastructure of the entire event taking into consideration all the variables involved. (LOCOG, 2012) while the second part (2011 onwards plan) constituted the final touches and enabling the successful organization of the event. The internal environment includes the gigantic sports stadium arena termed the Sports park can accommodate over 80 thousand spectators at one time. It is the first Olympic even that will be HD-TV supported. It has a separate broadcast center that will have the capacity for over 20 thousand media representatives. For ensuring error proof performance and event organization, a number of pilot events were organized in a bid to analyze the level of preparation. The management team needs to facilitate not just the organizers and media person but the athletes as well. For this purpose effective strategy has been devised that will meet the needs. The Risk factor consideration is also taken into account and impact of various issues on the mega event. LOCOG board has established a panel for this purpose that involves the active participation of senior management for mitigating the risks.

The need for imigration refom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The need for imigration refom - Research Paper Example From the findings of the analysis carried out in the paper, it has been viewed that the aspect of rapid illegal immigration has been the cause of various illegal activities in the nations. Additionally, it has also been determined that reform in the current immigration policies would not only facilitate in decreasing the illegal activities but would also aid in developing an environment that would be safe for both the civilians and immigrants who migrate legally from other nations either for professional or academic purpose. Introduction The facet of immigration plays a vital role for every nation as it not only involves financial benefits but also aids in developing the country technologically and culturally among other aspects. In general, immigration is the process through which the people belonging to a particular nation move to another country owing to economic, political, natural disaster or other factors. With the advent of globalization and the increasing literacy rate, peopl e tend to emigrate from their home country to another nation because of the need to progress their professional or academic life. ... However, in recent years it has often been viewed that the lure of reaching the land of American dreams has propagated many individuals to tread the forbidden path of illegal immigration. Subsequently, in the act of immigration, people who belong to different terrorist groups move to the country either legally or illegal and cause great harm to the citizens. This has given rise to the debate amid many political critics to implement strategies and policies that would help in reforming the immigration policies effectively along with helping to maintain a safe place for the civilians to live in (U.S Department of Homeland Security, 2012; Library of Congress, n.d.). The purpose of the paper is to depict the need for immigration reform which allows legal immigration in the United States, while enabling to protect the nation from the people of groups that aim at causing it harm. Discussion History of Immigration in the United States The aspect of immigration in the United States can be div ided into four major parts. From the Colonial era to 1880, most of immigrants came from northern part of Europe especially from countries such as England, Germany and Ireland. It is worth mentioning that the Africans were also brought in America in this period through salve trade and Chinese began migrating towards the end of this period. The second period started from 1880 and ended in 1920. In this era, people especially from the southern and eastern part of Europe especially from countries such as Italy, Russia immigrated in America. The third wave of immigration can be categorized during the World War I targeting Asians, southern and eastern Europeans to strengthen the military force of the country. And, the fourth ended after the conclusion of the World War II. The Immigration

Global Financial Crisis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Financial Crisis - Article Example The article further claims that financials problem could be avoided if people could have adopted the current economic models. Depending on the article's argument, financials problems have been brought about by people negligence. States have been neglecting the economic models which can help in resolving the economy. Currently, most of the states depend on others in order to get enough supply of goods and services. Many, countries have their foreign policy which governs their relationship with other states. The lack of an international organization to bring about a general foreign policy to govern all states as led to the lack of corporation in terms of international business. Conflict exists between some states, and this makes it difficult for the international business to take place. Due to increasing level of transnational and globalization activities countries needs to interact and share business difficult importation and exportation of products. The article states that the proble m will affect the livelihood of people in all corners of the world, and this is because people move to other states to seek employment and perform business. When one country is affected, it means that the whole world will be affected (Shah 2013). It is true that I am persuaded by the reading in this article because I have seen it happening. From the time to time, foreign currencies change their market status from being stable to unstable and vice versa (Shah 2013). The level of globalization has increased and without inclusion of the current economic model a country’s economy can decline. Those economic models which could have prevented financials crisis include qualitative models, stochastic and non-stochastic model.  

The Cultural Reproduction And Social Reproduction Sociology Essay

The Cultural Reproduction And Social Reproduction Sociology Essay The word Reproduction as defined in dictionaries is simply the act of copying something whether it be a document, a sound, a culture, so that is looks exactly like the original. Reproduction can be applied to both culture and society so that it turns out to be a process by which aspects of culture are passed on from person to person from society to society. This happens in a number of different ways and so it is helpful to understand a small part of this reproductions history; previously people moved from different countries and places taking with them their customs, traditions, and even behaviors which were learnt by other individuals, which lead to interaction between different people and therefore resulted in the transfer of this information which was accomplished through a process known as socialization. From this we see that both social reproduction and cultural reproduction are very much connected to each other. Cultural reproduction is the transmission of existing cultural values and norms from generation to generation. This is a process by which there is a continuity of cultural experience that has been carried on across time (which often results in social reproduction). Every society is mainly consisted of 3 classes: the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class which may all be further subdivided into smaller classes (ex: occupation, etc.) When we look further into cultural reproduction of the social class, we find two opposing views concerning this issue: A- Culture as a set of class-instilled values B- Culture as a set of class-based skills and experiences A Every social class (especially the poor) has a set of values unique to it: a- Work ethic b- Family values c- Independence vs. dependence These values heavily influence the day-to-day behavior of each class. They are passed along widely in whole from one generation to the next and because of the self-achievable nature of these values, the members of various classes with either seize opportunities for advancement or will not. B When it comes to culture as a set of class-based skills and experiences, we are lead to 4 different outcomes. a- Self-promotion or self-elimination: This means by adjusting ones goals to match real chances of success as well as embracing or avoiding situations that could advantageous depending upon whether the individual feels socially comfortable. b- Institutional fit or mismatch: Children from the middle-class society are equipped with skills valued by ordinary institutions as a result of their parents socialization and valued cultural capital. Meanwhile, individuals with less cultural income are asked to perform at the same level as their more capitally-endowed peers and thus have to work harder to keep even. c- Informed vs. uninformed investments: Individuals with fewer cultural resources end up in less desirable positions and get less out of their cultural investments (such as college selection) through unwise decisions. d- Direct inclusion or exclusion: Members of the middle and upper classes tend to recruit individuals from those who share the same lifestyles, tastes, and experiences, and therefore exclude those who do not share them. On the other hand, social reproduction is rather a sociological term which refers to a process which both strengthens and preserves characteristics of a given social structure of tradition over a period of time. Even though reproduction may mean copying what existed in the past, it may not occur exactly for all societies. This is due to the environmental, social, economic conditions as well as technologies and processes that keep changing over time; eventually there are new individuals who have different characteristic and so relate to others in new and different ways. An example of social reproduction can be seen in birds such as pigeons and parrots, which sit together in a row on a wire and each facing the same direction. Even when they fly, they do so in the same direction and then come back to sit again on the same wire, all facing the same direction (like they are following something). Like them, social reproduction requires us to maintain the uniformity of language as well as communication (just like the birds have to follow one direction) over time. Communication means to stay connected. Just as males and females need each other to biologically reproduce, we need each other to socially reproduce so that we can communicate with each other and relate to experiences; but spoken language alone is not enough for communication Social reproduction allows us to create civilizations like the famous Taj Mahal and many others which can only happen when societies feel CONNECTED. Two sociologists: Karl Marx and Pierre Bourdieu ask What are the effects of Social Reproduction and Cultural Reproduction on schools? This is a question asked by many other sociologists and so the emphasis on the opinions of both sociologists about this topic of social and cultural reproduction is to answer the question above. Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 14 March 1883) was a German sociologist, philosopher, historian, political economist, political theorist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He developed the socio-political theory of Marxism. His ideas have played a vital role in the development of social science and he published various books during his lifetime, with the most famous The communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1967-1894). Pierre Bourdieu (1 August 1930 23 January 2002) was a French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher and is known for inventing the term Cultural Reproduction. Both sociologists argued in their theories about the effects of Social Reproduction and Cultural Reproduction on schools. They talk about the important function of education is to socialize the working class into a culture of failure so that they take up, without question, routine and dull work. They also argue about that effects of both cultural and social reproduction on schools: the ideas that are taught the values, attitude and personality traits that are instilled in students the ways in which schools are organized Bourdieu also adds that social inequality is reproduced in the educational system and therefore legitimized just as Marx said: Students have to pursue on the formal teaching status quo and so therefore students rarely come into contact with ways of thinking that challenges the existing social order. They also argue that the position of the dominant class is justified by educational success and the under-privileged position of the lower class is legitimated by educational failure. Furthermore, they discuss further that schools socialize students into certain values, attitudes, and personality traits that fit the interest of the dominant social classes ways of working. These arguments lead Bourdieu to conclude that the major role of education in society is to contribute toward social reproduction which is the reproduction of the relationships of power and privilege between social classes. Therefore after looking further into what Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction are, and after knowing the arguments both Marx and Boudieu had about their effects on schools, I ask: HOW CAN CULTURAL AND SOCIAL REPRODUCTION BE MORE OF A DISADVANTANGE TO SOCIETY?

Spender And Sankichi: Two Views Of Disaster :: essays research papers fc

Stephen Spender's "Epilogue to a Human Drama" and Toge Sankichi's "Dying" are poems detailing the destruction of two cities, London and Hiroshima, respectively, during or after World War II bombings. Spender wrote "Epilogue to a Human Drama," hereafter referred to as "Epilogue," after a December air raid of London during the Battle of Britain, which ravaged and razed much of England from Summer 1940 until Spring 1941. Sankichi wrote "Dying" from his vivid recollections of the surprise atomic bombing of Hiroshima, which decimated the Japanese city in less than a second. Both the Battle of Britain and Hiroshima were horrible, senseless, and vicious incidents that exacted gave tolls on innocent victims. Spender endured the Battle of Britain, and Sankichi experienced the horror of Hiroshima. The poets' responses differ greatly in style and perspective, but each work clearly defines the ramifications of atrocities such as those committed a gainst Spender, Sankichi, and the populations of London and Hiroshima. England's Royal Air Force battled Germany's Luftwaffe from August 1940 until May 1941. During that conflict, England was subjected to air raids day and night. When Hitler finally withdrew his birds of war, four hundred thousand British citizens had been killed, forty-six thousand had been seriously wounded, and one million homes had been leveled. After one raid, a relief team helped a woman who had covered been covered in powdered brick and plaster and was bleeding profusely. As they aided her, she repeated four words continually in a tone of quiet terror: "Man's inhumanity to man†¦Man's inhumanity to man†¦" (Jablonski 148). Stephen Spender was in London for the duration of the bombings. He saw the demolition of surrounding buildings. He heard the droning of approaching bombers. He smelled the smoke of raging infernos. In his autobiography World Within World, Spender describes his mental condition during the raids as a "trance-like condition" and describes how he forced himself to think of places and things as merely mental concepts in order to avoid losing mental control (285). Hiroshima's destruction came without warning. Japanese High Command, which was located Hiroshima's ancient castle, was alerted early to the approach of the Enola Gay by an observation post on the island of Shikoku. The High Command elected to sound no air raid warning because they considered it senseless to disrupt work in local armament factories due to a single plane (Bruckner 98). At precisely 8:15 AM local time, the fuse was lit inside the descending bomb.